Which federal bills would preempt or freeze state AI laws, and who are their sponsors and cosponsors? Map the preemption bills and the opposing state-authority bills, the sponsors on each side, and the exact preemption provisions, cited to the official record.

Preemption Bills (Freeze/Restrict State AI Laws)

H.R. 5388 - American Artificial Intelligence Leadership and Uniformity Act

Sponsor: Rep. Michael Baumgartner [R-WA-5] Cosponsors: None (0 cosponsors) Status: Referred to Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Introduced: September 16, 2025

Preemption Provision: Section 6(a)(1)

"No State or political subdivision thereof may enforce, during the 5-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act, any law or regulation of that State or a political subdivision thereof limiting, restricting, or otherwise regulating artificial intelligence models, artificial intelligence systems, or automated decision systems entered into interstate commerce."

Scope: 5-year moratorium on state/local enforcement of ANY law that limits, restricts, or regulates AI systems in interstate commerce. Exceptions: state laws that remove legal impediments to AI deployment, generally applicable criminal laws, and state procurement requirements for government use.

H.R. 9925 - FRONTIER Act

Sponsor: Rep. Jay Obernolte [R-CA-23] Cosponsors (9): Suhas Subramanyam [D-VA], Scott H. Peters [D-CA], Erin Houchin [R-IN], Lori Trahan [D-MA], Scott Franklin [R-FL], Joe Wilson [R-SC], Gabe Vasquez [D-NM], Nicole Malliotakis [R-NY], J. Luis Correa [D-CA] Status: Referred to Energy and Commerce; Science, Space, and Technology Introduced: July 23, 2026

Preemption Provision: Section 9(b)

"No State or political subdivision of a State may adopt or enforce any law, regulation, order, or other requirement that imposes new substantive obligations on artificial intelligence developers with respect to any Covered Subject Area."

Scope: Preempts state laws imposing substantive obligations on AI developers regarding model development, training, evaluation, release, catastrophic risk mitigation, and certification/attestation requirements. Preserves state authority to regulate AI deployment by users/deployers (consumer protection, civil rights, privacy laws) and protect minors from AI harms.

State-Authority Bills (Preserve/Expand State AI Regulation)

S. 2367 - AI Accountability and Personal Data Protection Act

Sponsor: Sen. Josh Hawley [R-MO] Cosponsors (2): Richard Blumenthal [D-CT], Peter Welch [D-VT] Status: Referred to Judiciary Committee Introduced: July 21, 2025

Non-Preemption Provision: Section (a)

"No preemption of existing State laws. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to preempt or limit any law, rule, regulation, or common law doctrine of any State that is in effect as of the date of the enactment of this Act, or such amendments, and preclude any State from adopting or enforcing supplemental or more stringent requirements."

Scope: Explicitly preserves all existing state AI and data protection laws; states may adopt MORE stringent requirements.

H.R. 9125 - Sectoral AI Governance Act of 2026

Sponsor: Rep. Sara Jacobs [D-CA-51] Cosponsors (3): Valerie P. Foushee [D-NC], Ted Lieu [D-CA], James R. Walkinshaw [D-VA] Status: Referred to Judiciary; Oversight and Government Reform Introduced: June 3, 2026

Non-Preemption Provision: Section (h)

"Non-Preemption. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to preempt or limit the authority of a State to regulate the use of an algorithmic decision-making system, except to the extent that the [federal agency rule] directly conflicts with State law."

Scope: Establishes federal sectoral AI governance by agency but explicitly preserves state authority to regulate algorithmic decision-making systems; conflict-preemption only.

S. 3308 - Artificial Intelligence Civil Rights Act of 2025

Sponsor: Sen. Edward J. Markey [D-MA] Cosponsors (4): Cory A. Booker [D-NJ], Elizabeth Warren [D-MA], Mazie K. Hirono [D-HI], Jeff Merkley [D-OR] Status: Referred to Commerce, Science, and Transportation Introduced: December 2, 2025

Non-Preemption Provision: Section (b)

"Otherwise applicable requirements and authority. No regulation or standard imposed under this Act may be construed in a manner that would lessen the stringency of the requirements of any [existing state law]."

Scope: Federal civil rights protections for AI systems; states retain authority to enforce existing laws and adopt more protective standards.

H.R. 8516 - American Leadership in AI Act

Sponsor: Rep. Ted Lieu [D-CA-36] Cosponsors (4): Jay Obernolte [R-CA], Deborah K. Ross [D-NC], Josh Gottheimer [D-NJ], George Whitesides [D-CA] Status: Referred to Science, Space, and Technology; Energy and Commerce; Agriculture; Oversight; Education and Workforce; Judiciary; Ways and Means Introduced: April 27, 2026

Non-Preemption Provision: Section (2)

"No preemption. Nothing in this subtitle shall prohibit a State or Tribal government from adopting and enforcing a provision of law governing disclosure of intimate images or nonconsensual activity..."

Scope: Federal AI strategy and agency governance; preserves state/tribal authority on specific harms (intimate images, nonconsensual content).

Legislative Landscape Summary

Approach	Bills	Lead Sponsors	Party Composition	Status
Preemption	H.R. 5388 (5-yr moratorium); H.R. 9925 (developer-focused)	Baumgartner (R); Obernolte (R)	Bipartisan (FRONTIER has 9 cosponsors, mixed D/R)	Referred
State Authority	S. 2367; H.R. 9125; S. 3308; H.R. 8516	Hawley (R); Jacobs (D); Markey (D); Lieu (D)	Bipartisan (Hawley-Blumenthal-Welch; Obernolte on Lieu bill)	Referred/Reported

Key Tension: H.R. 5388 imposes a blanket 5-year freeze on state AI regulation; H.R. 9925 preempts developer-facing obligations but preserves state deployment/user regulation and minor protection laws. State-authority bills (S. 2367, H.R. 9125, S. 3308, H.R. 8516) explicitly preserve or expand state authority, with conflict-preemption only where federal rules directly conflict.

Sources:

• H.R. 5388
• H.R. 9925
• S. 2367
• H.R. 9125
• S. 3308
• H.R. 8516